- 1. Accessibility
- Definition
- What is Accessibility?
- Accessibility refers to the design of products, devices, services, or environments for people with disabilities. In the context of software, it ensures that applications are usable by as many people as possible, including those with various disabilities.
- Importance of Accessibility
- Why is Accessibility Important?
Ensuring accessibility is crucial for inclusivity, allowing people with disabilities to interact with digital content. It also helps in reaching a broader audience and complies with legal standards. - Key Principles
- Perceivable
- Information and user interface components must be presentable to users in ways they can perceive. For example, providing text alternatives for non-text content.
- Operable
- User interface components and navigation must be operable. For instance, ensuring that all functionality is available via a keyboard.
- Understandable
- Information and the operation of the user interface must be understandable. This includes readable text and predictable web page operations.
- Robust
- Content must be robust enough to be interpreted by a wide variety of user agents, including assistive technologies.
- Accessibility Standards
- WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines)
- These guidelines provide a standard for web accessibility. WCAG 2.2 is the most current version, offering a wide range of recommendations.
- Section 508
- This is a U.S. law that requires federal agencies to make their electronic and information technology accessible to people with disabilities.
- Best Practices
- Designing for Accessibility
- Start with accessibility in mind, using accessible color schemes, providing alt text for images, and ensuring text readability.
- Inclusive Design Principles
- Design for users with the broadest range of abilities and situations.
- 2. Accessibility Testing
- Definition
- What is Accessibility Testing?
- Accessibility testing is the process of verifying that a product is usable by people with various disabilities. This includes checking for compliance with accessibility standards and guidelines.
- Importance of Accessibility Testing
- Ensures that all users, regardless of their abilities, can use the product.
- Helps in meeting legal requirements and avoiding potential lawsuits.
- Improves the overall user experience by making products more flexible and adaptable.
- Types of Accessibility Testing
- Manual Testing
- Involves human testers who interact with the application using assistive technologies (e.g., screen readers) and other manual techniques to identify accessibility issues.
- Automated Testing
- Uses tools to automatically scan and identify accessibility problems in the application. While not comprehensive, it can quickly find common issues.
- Hybrid Testing
- Combines both manual and automated testing to leverage the strengths of both methods.
- Tools and Techniques
- Screen Readers
- Software that reads text on a screen aloud (e.g., JAWS, NVDA).
- Browser Extensions
- Tools that help in identifying accessibility issues (e.g., WAVE, AXE).
- Accessibility Testing Tools
- Comprehensive tools that provide detailed accessibility reports (e.g., Lighthouse, aXe).
- Testing Strategies
- Keyboard Navigation
- Ensure that all functionalities can be accessed and operated through keyboard alone.
- Color Contrast
Check that text and background color combinations provide sufficient contrast. - Semantic HTML
Use HTML elements appropriately to ensure the content is readable by assistive technologies. - ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications)
Use ARIA attributes to enhance accessibility for dynamic content. - Manual Testing
- Definition
- What is Manual Testing?
- Manual testing involves human testers manually executing test cases without the use of automation tools to ensure the software behaves as expected.
Importance of Manual Testing - Why Manual Testing is Important?
- It allows for a deeper understanding of the user experience and can uncover issues that automated testing might miss. It is essential for exploratory, usability, and ad-hoc testing.
- Types of Manual Testing
- Exploratory Testing
- Testers explore the application without predefined test cases, using their intuition and experience to find defects.
- Usability Testing
- Focuses on the user experience, ensuring the application is easy to use and meets user expectations.
- Regression Testing
- Ensures that new changes have not adversely affected existing functionality.
- Smoke Testing
- A preliminary test to check the basic functionality of the application.
- Sanity Testing
- A quick check to ensure that specific functionality is working as expected after a minor change.
- Process of Manual Testing
- Test Planning
- Define the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of testing activities.
- Test Case Design
- Create detailed test cases based on requirements and design documents.
- Test Execution
- Manually execute the test cases and document the results.
- Defect Reporting and Tracking
Log any defects found during testing and track them until they are resolved. - Test Case
- Definition
- What is a Test Case?
- A test case is a set of conditions or variables used to determine if a system under test satisfies requirements and works correctly.
- Importance of Test Cases
- Why are Test Cases Important?
They provide a structured approach to testing, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the application’s functionality. Well-written test cases improve test execution efficiency and effectiveness. - Components of a Test Case
- Test Case ID
- A unique identifier for the test case.
- Test Description
- A brief overview of what the test case is intended to verify.
- Pre-conditions
- Any conditions that must be met before the test case can be executed.
- Test Steps
- Detailed steps to execute the test case.
- Expected Results
- The expected outcome of the test case.
- Actual Results
- The actual outcome after executing the test case.
- Post-conditions
- Any conditions that must be met after the test case is executed.
- Types of Test Cases
- Functional Test Cases
- Verify that the system performs its intended functions.
- Non-functional Test Cases
- Check non-functional aspects such as performance, usability, and reliability.
- Regression Test Cases
- Ensure that new code changes have not negatively impacted existing functionalities.
- Usability Test Cases
- Assess the user-friendliness of the application.
- 5. Bug
- Definition
- What is a Bug?
- A bug is a flaw or fault in a software program that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways.
- Difference between Bug, Defect, and Error
- Bug
- Found during testing.
- Defect
- Found in the production environment by the end-users.
- Error
- Mistakes made by developers that lead to bugs and defects.
- Bug Lifecycle
- New
- A new bug is reported.
- Assigned
- The bug is assigned to a developer for fixing.
- Open
- The developer is actively working on the bug.
- Fixed
- The developer has fixed the bug.
- Retest
- The tester retests the bug to ensure it is fixed.
- Closed
- The bug is verified as fixed and closed.
- Reopened
- If the bug is not fixed, it is reopened.
- Bug Severity and Priority
- Severity
- Critical
- The bug causes a complete failure of the application.
- Major
- The bug affects significant functionality.
- Minor
- The bug affects minor functionality.
- Trivial
- The bug is a cosmetic issue.
- Priority
- Immediate
- Needs to be fixed immediately.
- High
- Should be fixed as soon as possible.
- Medium
- Fixing the bug is important but not urgent.
- Low
- The bug can be fixed later.
- Bug Reporting
- Effective Bug Reporting Techniques
- Provide clear and concise bug descriptions.
- Include steps to reproduce the bug.
- Attach screenshots or logs if applicable.
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